量子理论 chm umd 阿里云 下载 夸克云 pdf azw3 kindle

【著名物理学教授李淼推荐】

在物理学领域，量子理论是自牛顿以来最具革命性的发现。《量子理论》以简明的、非数学式的语言，剖析了一些奇异古怪又激动人心的观念，正是这些观念，使亚原子世界与我们的日常世界如此迥异。约翰•波尔金霍恩清晰而透彻地探讨了不确定性、不可预见性、波粒二象性以及悬而未决的测量问题等， 为量子理论这一物理学史上最伟大的发现、20世纪最杰出的智力成就之一揭开面纱。

致谢

前言

1经典物理的缺陷

2曙光显现

3日益加深的困惑

4进一步发展

5相聚

6教训与价值

术语表

数学附录

索引

英文原文

约翰•波尔金霍恩　英国圣公会牧师，英国皇家学会会员。1968至1979年任剑桥大学数学物理学教授，后任皇后学院院长。因在科学、宗教、医学伦理等方面的杰出贡献，1997年被女王伊丽莎白二世封为爵士。著有《量子世界》（1986）、《一位物理学家的信仰》（1994）、《科学与神学》（1998）等。

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与电子相反，光子是玻色子。事实证明，玻色子行为恰与费米子行为相反。对于玻色子，没有不相容原理！玻色子喜欢待在相同的状态。它们与南欧人类似，乐意挤在同一节火车车厢中，而费米子则像北欧人，喜欢独自分散在整个列车上。玻色子的这个亲密现象，在最极端形式下，会引起在单个状态上一定程度的聚集，该现象叫作玻色凝聚。这个性质正是激光器等技术设备背后的原理。

Within a year, Max Planck, now a professor of physics in Berlin, had found a remarkable way out of the dilemma. He told his son that he believed he had made a discovery of equal significance to those of Newton. It might have seemed a grandiose claim to make, but Planck was simply speaking the sober truth.

Classical physics considered that radiation oozed continuously in and out of the black body, much as water might ooze in and out of a sponge. In the smoothly changing world of classical physics, no other supposition seemed at all plausible. Yet Planck made a contrary proposal, suggesting that radiation was emitted or absorbed from time to time in packets of energy of a definite size. He specified that the energy content of one of these quanta (as the packets were called) would be proporti...

How could all those great 19th-century insights into the wave nature of light be reconciled with these new ideas? After all, a wave is a spread-out, flappy thing, while a quantum is particlelike, a kind of little bullet. How could both possibly be true? For a long while physicists just had to live with the uncomfortable paradox of the wave/particle nature of light. No progress would have been made by trying to deny the insights either of Young and Maxwell or of Planck and Einstein. People just had to hang on to experience by the skin of their intellectual teeth, even if they could not make sense of it. Many seem to have done so by the rather cowardly tactic of averting their gaze. Eventually, however, we shall find that the story had a happy ending.

He took a piece of chalk and broke it in two. Placing one fragment on one side of his lectern and the other on the other side, Dirac said that classically there is a state where the piece of chalk is ‘here’ and one where the piece of chalk is ‘there’, and these are the only two possibilities. Replace the chalk, however, by an electron and in the quantum world there are not only states of ‘here’ and ‘there’ but also a whole host of other states that are mixtures of these possibilities – a bit of ‘here’ and a bit of ‘there’ added together. Quantum theory permits the mixing together of states that classically would be mutually exclusive of each other. It is this counterintuitive possibility of addition that marks off the quantum world from the everyday world of classical physics [7]. In profe...

In someone like Schrödinger, the issue evoked more than perplexity. It filled him with distaste and he said that if he had known that his ideas would have led to this ‘damn quantum jumping’ he would not have wished to discover his equation!

Classical physics describes a world that is clear and determinate. Quantum physics describes a world that is cloudy and fitful.

书籍介绍

【著名物理学教授李淼推荐】

在物理学领域，量子理论是自牛顿以来最具革命性的发现。《量子理论》以简明的、非数学式的语言，剖析了一些奇异古怪又激动人心的观念，正是这些观念，使亚原子世界与我们的日常世界如此迥异。约翰•波尔金霍恩清晰而透彻地探讨了不确定性、不可预见性、波粒二象性以及悬而未决的测量问题等， 为量子理论这一物理学史上最伟大的发现、20世纪最杰出的智力成就之一揭开面纱。